EMR if mucosal irregularity (to rule out carcinoma) P53 IHC: Considered indicative of dysplasia/neoplasia if: 1) Overexpressed (every nucleus, strong) or 2) "Null" phenotype (tumor cells all negative) Other types of Glandular Dysplasia Foveolar Type Few, if any, goblet cells (may arise independently) Prominent cytoplasmic mucin. Antiquated terms: islet cell tumor, carcinoid, APUDoma Classification based on Lloyd: WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs, 4th Edition, 2017:. Several other types of cancer, which collectively represent the majority of the non-adenocarcinomas, can also arise from these cells.
Tumor suppressor genes (antioncogenes), which encode proteins that normally serve to restrain cell proliferation, can be inactivated by point mutation, deletion, or loss of expression. Occasionally cells contain aggregates of hyaline, diastase resistant, PAS-positive cytoplasmic globules of varying size which are also sometimes located outside the cells.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs, PETs, or PNETs), often referred to as "islet cell tumors", or "pancreatic endocrine tumors" are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine and nervous system within the pancreas.
Diagnosis of well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor versus poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma determined purely by histologic (H&E) appearance. The wider end of the pancreas is called the head, the middle section is called the body, and the narrow end is called the tail. The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 90 of cases, and the term "pancreatic cancer" is sometimes used to refer only to that type. These cancers usually start in the ducts of the pancreas, but less often can develop from the cells that make the pancreatic enzymes (acinar cell carcinomas).
Pancreatic tumors are uncommon and are not detected radiographically before they are very large, but they may be detected sonographically.
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